·         Table of Contents (Volume #4, Issue #5)

·         Cover Page (Volume #4, Issue #5)

·         Guest Editors (Volume #4, Issue #5)

·         Editorial (Volume #4, Issue #5)

Paper #1

Distributed Intelligence at the Edge on IoT Networks

Tanweer Alam, Baha Rababah, Arshad Ali and Shamimul Qamar

Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized innovation to collect and store the information received from physical objects or sensors. The smart devices are linked to a repository that stores intelligent information executed by sensors on IoT-based smart objects. Now, the IoT is shifted from knowledge-based technologies to operational-based technologies. The IoT integrates sensors, smart devices, and a smart grid of implementations to deliver smart strategies. Nowadays, the IoT has been pondered to be an essential technology. The transmission of information to or from the cloud has recently been found to cause many network problems to include latency, power usage, security, privacy, etc. The distributed intelligence enables IoT to help the correct communication available at the correct time and correct place. Distributed Intelligence could strengthen the IoT in a variety of ways, including evaluating the integration of different big data or enhancing efficiency and distribution in huge IoT operations. While evaluating distributed intelligence in the IoT paradigm, the implementation of distributed intelligence services should take into consideration the transmission delay and bandwidth requirements of the network. In this article, the distributed intelligence at the Edge on IoT Networks, applications, opportunities, challenges and future scopes have been presented.

Keywords: Cloud Computing; Edge computing; Distributed Intelligence; Internet of Things; Wireless Sensor Networks.

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Paper #2

Decentralized Identity Systems: Architecture, Challenges, Solutions and Future Directions

Omar Dib and Khalifa Toumi

Abstract: Due to the exponential rise of the Internet in the last two decades, the digital presence has seen an enormous increase. Today, billions of people, devices and objects are digitally connected making the interactions much easier than before. To securely establish this connectivity in the digital era, proving digital identities has become crucial. Due to this, a growing number of organizations are building solutions that establish, verify and manage digital identities. Yet, a solution whereby digital identities and their associated data are efficiently managed is still far from being achieved. To fully understand the reason behind this lack, this paper provides a detailed state of the art related to identity management systems. It overviews traditional systems, analyses their strengths and limitations. This work highly focuses on the novel decentralized identity systems based on blockchain; a complete study describing their architecture, components, lifecycle and workflow is detailed. Additionally, solutions enabling decentralized identity are discussed, analysed and compared according to the ten principles of self-sovereign identity. Lastly, the challenges hindering the shift toward the fully decentralized identity paradigm are discussed.

Keywords: Blockchain; Digital Identity; Identity Management Systems; Self-Sovereign Identity.

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Paper #3

Hybrid Cloud SLAs for Industry 4.0: Bridging the Gap

Lubna Luxmi Dhirani and Thomas Newe

Abstract: Hybrid Cloud Service Level Agreements (SLA) comprises of the legal terms and conditions for the cloud contract. Even though all the service level objectives, metrics and service descriptions are clearly outlined in the cloud SLA contract, sometimes vendors fail to meet the promised services and confusing terms lead to tenant-vendor cloud legal battles. Hybrid Cloud involves two different cloud models (public and private) working together, applications running under the hybrid cloud are subject to different availability sets, functionality and parameters developing SLA complexity and ambiguity. The new manufacturing environment (Industry 4.0 concept) is based on a fully connected, intelligent and automated factory, which will highly be dependent on cloud computing and IoT-based solutions for data analytics, storage and computational needs. In situations where Hybrid cloud services are not defined and managed properly may result in Industrial-IoT data security issues leading to financial and data losses. This paper discusses various aspects of the cloud service level agreement in Industry 4.0 for better understanding and implementation and puts a light on the issues that arise out of imprecise statements.

Keywords: Industry 4.0; Cloud Computing; Service Level Agreements; Data Security; Quality of Service.

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Paper #4

A Novel Hybrid Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for the Detection of Internet of Things (IoT) Network Attacks

Rabie A. Ramadan and Kusum Yadav

Abstract: Nowadays, IoT has been widely used in different applications to improve the quality of life. However, the IoT becomes increasingly an ideal target for unauthorized attacks due to its large number of objects, openness, and distributed nature. Therefore, to maintain the security of IoT systems, there is a need for an efficient Intrusion Detection System (IDS). IDS implements detectors that continuously monitor the network traffic. There are various IDs methods proposed in the literature for IoT security. However, the existing methods had the disadvantages in terms of detection accuracy and time overhead. To enhance the IDS detection accuracy and reduces the required time, this paper proposes a hybrid IDS system where a pre-processing phase is utilized to reduce the required time and feature selection as well as the classification is done in a separate stage. The feature selection process is done by using the Enhanced Shuffled Frog Leaping (ESFL) algorithm and the selected features are classified using Light Convolutional Neural Network with Gated Recurrent Neural Network (LCNN-GRNN) algorithm. This two-stage method is compared to up-to-date methods used for intrusion detection and it over performs them in terms of accuracy and running time due to the light processing required by the proposed method.

Keywords: IoT; Hybrid classification; IoT security; Convolution Neural Network; KDD cup dataset.

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Paper #5

A Novel DDoS Attack-aware Smart Backup Controller Placement in SDN Design

Muhammad Reazul Haque, Saw Chin Tan, Zulfadzli Yusoff, Kashif Nisar, Ching Kwang Lee, Rizaludin Kaspin, BS Chowdhry, Sameer Ali and Shuaib Memon

Abstract: Security issues like Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are becoming the main threat for Software-Defined Networking (SDN). Controller placement is a fundamental factor in the design and planning of SDN infrastructure. The controller could be seen as a single dot of failure for the whole SDN and it's the alluring point for DDoS attack. Single controller placement implies a single point of SDN control. So, there is a very high chance to fail the entire network topology as the controller associated with all switches. As a result, legitimate clients won't have the capacity to use SDN services. This is the reason why the controller is the suitable center dot of attack for the aggressor. To protect SDN from this type of single purpose of failure, it is essential to place multiple smart backup controllers to guarantee the SDN operation. In this paper, we propose a novel Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model to optimize the security issue by placing powerful smart backup controller. Result obtained from the simulation shows that our proposed novel ILP model can suggest single or multiple smart backup controller placement to support several ordinary victim controllers which has the capacity to save the cost of multiple ordinary controllers by sharing link, maximum new flows per second of controller and port, etc.

Keywords: Smart Backup Controller Placement; SDN Design; DDoS Attack-Aware; Cloud Network Security.

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